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Kenneth Todor, Ph.D.
In the past 60 years antibiotics, a crucial role in the fight against >> << infections caused by bacteria and other microbes. Antimicrobial chemotherapy was one of the main reasons for the dramatic >> << increase life expectancy in
twentieth century. However, pathogens that
become resistant to antibiotic drug therapy
growing public health problem. Wound infections
gonorrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, sepsis and childhood ear infections are just a few
diseases that are difficult to treat with antibiotics. One part
problem is that bacteria and other microorganisms that cause >> << infection amazingly resilient and have
, developed several ways to resist antibiotics and other antimicrobial >>. << Another part of the problem due to the increased
use and abuse, there are antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine >> << and in agriculture. In 1998
United States, 80 million prescriptions for antibiotics for human use >> << are filled. This is 12,500 tons per year. Animals and
agricultural use of antibiotics added to human use. Agricultural
practice has more than 60% of antibiotics in the U.S., so it >> << adds 18,000 tons per year to the antibiotic burden
environment. Currently about 70 percent of bacteria that cause infections in hospital
stable for at least one of the drugs most commonly used to treat
.
Some organisms are resistant to all approved antibiotics and
be considered experimental and potentially toxic drugs. Anxious growth
resistance of bacteria that cause community acquired infection was also documented
especially staphylococcus and pneumococcus (Streptococcus
,
pneumonia)
are common causes of morbidity and mortality. In a recent study
25% of cases of bacterial pneumonia were
shown that resistant to penicillin, and another 25% were
resistant strattera 40mg to more than one antibiotic. Microbial resistance development, and economic incentives
was a result of research and development in finding new antibiotics
in order to maintain pool of effective drugs at all times >> <<. While the development of resistant strains is inevitable,
slack ways in which we manage and use antibiotics has significantly
enhances this process. If antibiotic resistance problems are defined as they appear, and actions taken immediately
to keep them, the society may face
previously treatable diseases that are incurable again,
a few days before antibiotics were developed. The history of antibiotics and the emergence
, resistance to antibiotics, the first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1929 by Sir Alexander Fleming
observed inhibition of staphylococci on agar plates contaminated
Penicillium form. Fleming
search for potential antibacterial compounds. He noted that the area forms
Penicillium notatum was grown on
plate containing bacteria and Staphylococcus
, around it form a zone where no Staphylococcus could grow. After more research, he was able to show that the culture broth
prevent mold growth
Staphylococcus even when diluted to the
to 800 times. He named the active substance penicillin but failed >> << isolate it. In the center of the plate with colonies
Penicillium notatum,
mold that produces penicillin. When you form colonies, plates overlaid >> << bacterial culture of Micrococcus
Sheiz which forms a yellow "lawn" of growth >>. Area << inhibition of bacterial growth surrounding the fungal colony where penicillin >> << extends Wednesday. Several years
later, in 1939, Ernest Cheyne and
Howard Flory developed a way to distinguish penicillin and used it for
treatment of bacterial infections during World War II. New product
entered clinical use in 1946 and had a tremendous impact on public health >>. << For these discoveries Fleming, Flory and chain were awarded
Nobel Prize in 1945. Their discovery
Revolution and the development of modern medicine and paved the way to
development of many other natural antibiotics. Although Fleming
working on penicillin, Gerhard Domahk, a German physician, announced the opening
synthetic molecule with antibacterial properties. He called
connection prontozyla, and he became the first in a long series of
synthetic antibiotics or sulfonamides called sulfanilamides. Prontozyla
was introduced clinical use in 1930 and has been used to combat urinary tract
, pneumonia and other conditions. While sulfanilamidnye drugs in
often not as effective as natural antibiotics, they are now in widespread use
to treat many conditions. Gerhard was Domahk
awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for opening prontozyla. In 1946, penicillin became
usually to treat bacterial infections, especially caused by >>
<< to staphylococci and streptococci. Initially, the antibiotic was effective against
all kinds of infections caused by these
Gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin was incredible ability to kill
,
these pathogenic bacteria without prejudice to the host that fed them. It is important to note that a significant part of all human infections caused by these >> << bacteria (eg Streptococcus
throat, pneumonia, scarlet fever, sepsis, skin infections, wound infections, etc.
). In the late 1940s and early 1950s, new antibiotics were introduced, including
streptomycin, and tetracycline levomitsetin and age >> << antibiotic chemotherapy came into full being. These antibiotics are effective against
full range of bacterial pathogens, including gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria, intracellular parasites, and
TB bacillus. Synthetic antimicrobial agents such as >> << "sulfanilamidnye drugs" (sulfonamides) and anti
drugs such as para aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and isoniazid (INH), were << >> also brought << >> in wide use. Kenneth Todor, Ph.D. All rights reserved. - WWW. textbookofbacteriology. Net >>. <<