Zone of inhibition of bacterial growth ...

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Kenneth Todor, Ph.D.

In the past 60 years antibiotics, a crucial role in the fight against >> << infections caused by bacteria and other microbes. Antimicrobial chemotherapy was one of the main reasons for the dramatic >> << increase life expectancy in

twentieth century. However, pathogens that

become resistant to antibiotic drug therapy

growing public health problem. Wound infections

gonorrhea, tuberculosis, pneumonia, sepsis and childhood ear infections are just a few

diseases that are difficult to treat with antibiotics. One part

problem is that bacteria and other microorganisms that cause >> << infection amazingly resilient and have

, developed several ways to resist antibiotics and other antimicrobial >>. << Another part of the problem due to the increased

use and abuse, there are antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine >> << and in agriculture. In 1998

United States, 80 million prescriptions for antibiotics for human use >> << are filled. This is 12,500 tons per year. Animals and

agricultural use of antibiotics added to human use. Agricultural

practice has more than 60% of antibiotics in the U.S., so it >> << adds 18,000 tons per year to the antibiotic burden

environment. Currently about 70 percent of bacteria that cause infections in hospital

stable for at least one of the drugs most commonly used to treat

.

Some organisms are resistant to all approved antibiotics and

be considered experimental and potentially toxic drugs. Anxious growth

resistance of bacteria that cause community acquired infection was also documented

especially staphylococcus and pneumococcus (Streptococcus

,

pneumonia)

are common causes of morbidity and mortality. In a recent study

25% of cases of bacterial pneumonia were

shown that resistant to penicillin, and another 25% were

resistant strattera 40mg to more than one antibiotic. Microbial resistance development, and economic incentives

was a result of research and development in finding new antibiotics

in order to maintain pool of effective drugs at all times >> <<. While the development of resistant strains is inevitable,

slack ways in which we manage and use antibiotics has significantly

enhances this process. If antibiotic resistance problems are defined as they appear, and actions taken immediately

to keep them, the society may face

previously treatable diseases that are incurable again,

a few days before antibiotics were developed. The history of antibiotics and the emergence

, resistance to antibiotics, the first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1929 by Sir Alexander Fleming

observed inhibition of staphylococci on agar plates contaminated

Penicillium form. Fleming

search for potential antibacterial compounds. He noted that the area forms

Penicillium notatum was grown on

plate containing bacteria and Staphylococcus

, around it form a zone where no Staphylococcus could grow. After more research, he was able to show that the culture broth

prevent mold growth

Staphylococcus even when diluted to the

to 800 times. He named the active substance penicillin but failed >> << isolate it. In the center of the plate with colonies

Penicillium notatum,

mold that produces penicillin. When you form colonies, plates overlaid >> << bacterial culture of Micrococcus

Sheiz which forms a yellow "lawn" of growth >>. Area << inhibition of bacterial growth surrounding the fungal colony where penicillin >> << extends Wednesday. Several years

later, in 1939, Ernest Cheyne and

Howard Flory developed a way to distinguish penicillin and used it for

treatment of bacterial infections during World War II. New product

entered clinical use in 1946 and had a tremendous impact on public health >>. << For these discoveries Fleming, Flory and chain were awarded

Nobel Prize in 1945. Their discovery

Revolution and the development of modern medicine and paved the way to

development of many other natural antibiotics. Although Fleming

working on penicillin, Gerhard Domahk, a German physician, announced the opening

synthetic molecule with antibacterial properties. He called

connection prontozyla, and he became the first in a long series of

synthetic antibiotics or sulfonamides called sulfanilamides. Prontozyla

was introduced clinical use in 1930 and has been used to combat urinary tract

, pneumonia and other conditions. While sulfanilamidnye drugs in

often not as effective as natural antibiotics, they are now in widespread use

to treat many conditions. Gerhard was Domahk

awarded the Nobel Prize in 1939 for opening prontozyla. In 1946, penicillin became

usually to treat bacterial infections, especially caused by >>

<< to staphylococci and streptococci. Initially, the antibiotic was effective against

all kinds of infections caused by these

Gram-positive bacteria. Penicillin was incredible ability to kill

,

these pathogenic bacteria without prejudice to the host that fed them. It is important to note that a significant part of all human infections caused by these >> << bacteria (eg Streptococcus

throat, pneumonia, scarlet fever, sepsis, skin infections, wound infections, etc.

). In the late 1940s and early 1950s, new antibiotics were introduced, including

streptomycin, and tetracycline levomitsetin and age >> << antibiotic chemotherapy came into full being. These antibiotics are effective against

full range of bacterial pathogens, including gram-positive and

Gram-negative bacteria, intracellular parasites, and

TB bacillus. Synthetic antimicrobial agents such as >> << "sulfanilamidnye drugs" (sulfonamides) and anti

drugs such as para aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and isoniazid (INH), were << >> also brought << >> in wide use. Kenneth Todor, Ph.D. All rights reserved. - WWW. textbookofbacteriology. Net >>. <<